| 5. Begging the Question |
- Assume or leave out important facts
|
- Prove and include all needed facts
|
| 6. Name Calling |
- Criticize the person
|
- Evaluate the facts and the details
|
| 7. Misusing Statistics |
- Use averages to prove or support a point
- Compare unrelated statistics
- Use statistics based on small sample sizes
|
- Use specific statistics to prove or
support a point
- Compare related statistics
- Use statistics based on large sample sizes
|
| 8. Bandwagon
|
- Assume what “everyone else” believes is true
|
- Evaluate statistics and arguments for yourself
|
| 9. Appeal to Authority |
- Assume famous people are “experts”
- Assume famous people make logical conclusions
|
- Evaluate facts and arguments for yourself
- Evaluate the reliability of an “expert”
|