Pension funds in the United States have also been involved in developing alternative syndicate arrangements, such as the fund-of-funds that attempts, among other objectives, to lower the cost of pension participation in these markets. These and other examples are discussed further in Of Pools and Pooling.

Finally, a 1995 study by the Federal Reserve System has attested to the rapid growth of advisors and agents in American private equity investing with mandates to acquire data on behalf of clients on both the supply side (i.e., institutional investors) and the demand side (i.e., SMEs) and to network and achieve matches between them. Such professionals, certain categories of whom can also be found in Australian markets, have realized some cost-effectiveness in transacting. Among the most important of these to pension funds are gatekeepers (see What's a Gatekeeper?). These advisor-agents often assume virtually all of the management-intensive costs of pension clients through either a fund-of-funds (in the case of small and medium-sized funds) or a separate account (in the case of large funds).^{Endnote 140}

Many of these innovations are also observable in, or applicable to, American ETI programs.