McDonald, Barbara. (1997). The Impact of Content-Based Instruction: Three Studies. Focus on Basics 1 D. http://www.gse.harvard.edu/~ncsall/fob/1997/mcdonald.htm

The data from these three studies lend support to the theory that content-based instruction can lead to gains in general literacy skills as well as job related skills. By combining general basic skills classes with specific content, instructional time can be reduced and learner motivation can be increased.

Merrifield, Juliet. (1999). Performance Accountability: For Whom? To Whom? And How? Focus on Basics 3 B. http://www.gse.harvard.edu/~ncsall/fob/1999/Merrifield.htm

In this article Merrifield identifies the need in adult basic education to develop a system of mutual accountability. She states that mutual accountability ‘would engage members of the organization in creating a common vision, determining goals and customer expectations”. Every member would be both accountable to others and held accountable by them. This means that students would hold teachers accountable for providing learning opportunities that meet their needs. Programs should therefore hold learners accountable for taking learning seriously and for making an effort to participate fully. However, Merrifield correctly points out that the ‘learners cannot become real stakeholders in mutual accountability until they have other ways to effect change beyond dropping out”. Learners need to feel that they have the real power to make choices.