Nineteenth-century connections between reading and the body contained in the
axiom that “you are what you read” were particularly powerful in
shaping the view of mothers’ and children’s literacy practices as
dangerous. Gleason (2001) argued that attending to embodied regulation, or the
regulation of children’s and adult’s bodies in discourses, offers
insights into “educational, cultural, historical, and institutional practices...”
(p. 191). There are many examples in the literacy advice texts of embodied regulation.
Indeed it was primarily women’s bodies that defined the ideals of the
domestic sphere, of intimacy, nurturing, bonding, and caring, the “nest
within a nest”
(Hall, 1904), which became intimately associated with children’s
literacy acquisition. Effective story book reading is said to occur when a child
sits on his or her mothers’ lap, her arms wrapped lovingly around the
child. It happens when mothers talk to their babies as they are breast feeding,
or model appropriate literacy by “letting their children see them reading.”
There were few examples in literacy advice for teaching children literacy by
work associated with men, such as unfolding a car engine or playing soccer.
One potential explanation for this may be the naturalization of the female body
as a site for nurturing, and thus literacy.
Beliefs that women's bodies were naturally nurturing gave rise to associations
between story book reading and mother-child bonding. This theme entered literacy
advice in the 1950s with the introduction of the concepts of “attachment
theory” and the “sensitive” mother to child psychology, and
were taken up in emergent literacy research in the 1970s and 1980s that linked
children’s literacy acquisition to child development more generally. Literacy
research designs and methods have contributed to the normalization of this idyllic
literacy image by studying mother-child story book reading practices for clues
to “effective” (and ineffective) domestic literacy practices. As
this study has shown, “read to your child” is one of the most common
pieces of literacy advice even though the efficacy of the practice for children’s
schooling success has been questioned. For example, in their meta-analysis of
empirical studies of storybook reading, Sarborough and Dobrich (1994) concluded
that story-book reading contributed much less to children's early literacy development
than is believed. Indeed, Anderson, Anderson and Shapiro (2005) found that parent-child
storybook reading interactions did not predict the acquisition of reading skills
that is often believed, and that many other practices in the home and community
environment account for children’s literacy knowledge. Gregory, Long and
Volk (2004) similarly found that social interactions involving literacy with
siblings, grandparents and others caregivers and community members constituted
important opportunities for children to be “apprenticed”
into school
and community literacies.