A review of the citations for children’s reading in the US-based Parents
Magazine similarly suggested only intermittent concern for children’s
reading in the 1930s. However, perhaps because the editorial board of Parents
Magazine was composed of members of Columbia Teachers’ College, this magazine
generally published more articles on reading and parental involvement during
this period than did Chatelaine. Much advice was informed by the constructs
of maturation theories that held that children should not learn to read before
they were “mentally”
ready. Citing Morphett and Washburn’s
influential 1937 research, Williams told parents that “children must have
the mental age of six years and six months in order to learn to read. In most
cases it is useless to expect this accomplishment of children who are mentally
younger”
(Williams, 1939, p. 210). In this vein, advice emphasized the
quality of children’s experiences inside and outside of school, and argued
that delaying reading instruction provided more opportunities for young children
in Grade One to gain the life experiences necessary to learn to read: “It
is extremely difficult to derive much sense from ‘come with me to the
zoo’ unless one knows what a zoo is”
(p. 221). Advice assumed, and
reinforced, professional-level interest and knowledge on the part of its readers
in the “science”
of children’s reading, as college instructors
and school teachers contributed articles to popular magazines. Yet as important
as it was for both mothers and fathers to be abreast of the latest reading methods
used in school, they should not interfere: “Children are sensitive, and
it is possible to develop in these early stages of reading either great joy
and pleasure in reading, or dislike and fear. This may greatly affect later
reading progress when a child starts school…[M]ost failures are due to
hurrying children”
(Wilson & Burke, 1943, p. 28).
Indeed, appropriate household routines that articulated with the needs of the school were considered more important than reading to children or modeling literacy practices in the home. In this way, domestic literacy management was really about managing children’s time and space in the context of the normal family. Fenner and Fishburn (1943) provided a self-guided questionnaire for mothers against which to measure their performance in supporting their children’s literacy and learning:
If Eugene has a hard time settling down to school work in the mornings, it may be that an earlier breakfast hour would result in less hurry and confusion at home. …[H]as your child too many or too few out-of-school activities? Do you provide a quiet place for home study with good light and ventilation, study equipment and freedom from interruption? (p. 125)