Table of Contents

• Foreword
• Executive Summary
• Acknowledgements
• 1. Introduction
• 2. A statistical portrait of the least educated
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 How many are there?
  • 2.3 Labour market outcomes for the least educated
  • 2.4 Changes over time
  • 2.5 Conclusions
• 3. The efficacy of adult learning
  • 3.1 Introduction: Understanding the participation gap
  • 3.2 Debates about the efficacy of adult learning
  • 3.3 Recent Canadian studies
  • 3.4 Conclusions: Assessing the evidence
• 4. Earning a high-school diploma as an adult
  • 4.1 Options
    • Option 1: Regular secondary school diploma
    • Option 2: Adult secondary diploma
    • Option 3: The GED
    • Option 4: Academic upgrading programs
    • Option 5: Test of Workplace Essential Skills (TOWES)
  • 4.2 Participation
  • 4.3 Conclusions
• 5. Participating in ‘second chance’ post-secondary education
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Who participates in ‘second chance’ post-secondary education?
  • 5.3 Barriers and incentives to participation
  • 5.4 A closer look at government student assistance
  • 5.5 Summary and conclusions