CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

When we look into our own hearts and begin to discover
what is confused and what is brilliant, what is bitter and
what is sweet, it isn't just ourselves that we're discovering.
We're discovering the universe.

- Pema Chodron


Background to the Problem

The subject of literacy, which involves much more than the conventional school-based skills of reading and writing, has been viewed as problematic in Canada and, in particular, in the province of New Brunswick for at least the past decade. Literacy is defined in the International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS) in a broad sense as, "the ability to understand and employ printed information in daily activities at home, at work, and in the community - to achieve one's goals, and to develop one's knowledge and potential" (Statistics Canada, 1996a, p. 2). Corbett (1982) points out the destructive role of the media in convincing the masses that there is an appalling illiteracy rate in adults that simply cannot be explained in the United States [or by extension in Canada] where there has been a long standing system of universal public education. Meanwhile, illiteracy has come to be associated with shame and pity and the adoption of a negative image of low-literate individuals as helpless, hopeless, and disinterested in changing their situation (Fagan, 1998).