| Present Time Orientation |
- live in the here and now whith little advance planning possible
- calendars, day planners and watches are not regularly used
- often tardy or miss appointments
- rarely listen to the news
- base sense of time on routines or television shows
- difficulty setting goals for the future |
| Parental Attitudes and Aspirations |
- lack positive role models from their childhood
- blame learning problems on poor teaching or impoverished life
- afraid to do something wrong so may do nothing |
| Affiliation Needs |
Family Structural Composition
- many single mother led households; no help with domestic and child rearing
tasks (or finances)
- often servered ties with extended family
- reduced contact with others, suffer social exclusion
Spirituality
- turn to a higher order to help cope with stress in their lives
- fearful of authority figures
- turn to the non-judgmental nature of the bible for guidance |