Educational institutions

The bulk of all literacy programming still takes place within educational institutions or under institutional controls. In the pattern emerging in most provinces, there will be some support for "community" programs that lie outside the educational system, or that at least work outside institutional walls. But this funding will flow through the educational system. In Québec and Ontario, community programs are frequently linked to school boards. In the West and the Maritimes, links are developing between community programs and the community colleges.

Given this direction of development, it appears that the greatest potential impact of the movement for learner-centred and community-specific literacy programming will be within institutions. Questions of community specificity, and the attendant issues of program autonomy, although raised in their sharpest form by self-consciously community-based programs, may have their most important bearing on institutions. Of course there can be community orientation in institutions.178 As a practical matter, the community specificity of much literacy programming will be governed by provincial and territorial funding and reporting procedures, by college and school board administrative procedures, and by the variety of educational "climates" in those institutions. The struggle for community specificity will have to be fought at all these levels.

Workplace literacy

After community programs, the other major novel development in programming forms since the mid-1980s has been programs in the workplace. From one point of view, workplace programs offer the most immediate way of addressing the economics of illiteracy — the question of "productivity" that has been so central in policy discussions. From another point of view, the workplace may be seen as one ideal setting for literacy programs, since worker-learners can have immediate benefit from the skills they acquire, and recruitment can be supported by powerful networks among workers.


178 Community orientation in institutions tends to be less documented than in other programs — in part because their funding arrangements usually require less substantial documentation. But see Association of Canadian Community Colleges, Literacy in the Colleges and Institutes.