This figure shows that whether one calls adult cognitive skills "intelligence," as in 1919 during World War I, or "literacy," as in 1986 when the profiles of young adult literacy were published, the distributions of cognitive skills in different occupational categories remains the same. The least skilled are found more often in the lower-status, lower paying occupations, which typically demand less education, while the more highly skilled are found in the higher status, better paying, more educationally demanding occupations. Interestingly, during World War I, over 30% of laborers had their "intelligence" assessed using the Army Beta test for illiterates or non-English speakers (see Part l of this Compendium). The 1985 young adult literacy survey used a literacy test for all those surveyed (non-English speaking were excluded). The fact that a literacy-based test could be given to almost all young adults, including laborers, in 1985 reflects the fact that considerable gains have been made in rendering the population literate in the last three-quarters of a century. Despite this, the least skilled still occupy the lower rungs of the occupational ladder.