Finally, it is recommended that research on the effects of literature circles and male mentor programs continue to be based on the transactional model of literacy education and the definition of reading literacy used by PISA. The characteristic features of the transaction model include: generating a level playing field where knowledge is selected and shared among social groups (literature circles); and that literacy is based on shared social practices (male mentors) with authentic texts (literature circles and male mentors). This model also acknowledges and accommodates the identity and interests of the learner within a social group. As a result, this model of literacy education can be utilized in adult literacy programs as well as with the child in school. Finally, it is recommended that research on the effects of literature circles and male mentor programs continue to be based on the transactional model of literacy education and the definition of reading literacy used by PISA. The characteristic features of the transaction model include: generating a level playing field where knowledge is selected and shared among social groups (literature circles); and that literacy is based on shared social practices (male mentors) with authentic texts (literature circles and male mentors). This model also acknowledges and accommodates the identity and interests of the learner within a social group. As a result, this model of literacy education can be utilized in adult literacy programs as well as with the child in school.