Similarly, Bowles and Gintis conclude:

The record of educational reform in the War on Poverty has been just short of catastrophic .... liberal preeminence in the field of educational theory and policy has been shattered.59

They quote the report of a major study of the educational programs of the War on Poverty conducted by the Rand Corporation. It concludes that:

virtually without exception all of the large surveys of the large national compensatory educational programs have shown no beneficial results on the average 60

In Canada the Economic Council of Canada presented some figures pertaining to the Canada Manpower Training Program which were intended to "throw some light on the program's contribution to reducing poverty". 61 In a study of low-income trainees, it was found that:

If $3000 per trainee is arbitrarily defined as a "poverty level,"...Just under 50 per cent of the sample was below this level before training and about 40 per cent after training 62

These modest gains hardly constituted a vindication of the Manpower program as an anti-poverty strategy. Later studies varied in their conclusions, some positive and others negative. In a 1976 summary of their findings, labour economist Morley Gunderson stated that:

Many individuals have been raised out of poverty by Canada Manpower Training; however, the effectiveness of training the disadvantaged remains an open question 63

In 1977, Pierre Dandurand reached even more pessimistic conclusions based on his own research into the Manpower program. He suggests that:

the program of vocational training undertaken within labour policies in Canada essentially served counter cyclical ends and has not tangibly changed the position of the unemployed nor of the workers with very low incomes at whom it was aimed 64

Similarly, Paul Gingrich concludes:

In the late 1960's and early 1970's, the Liberal government, in response to high unemployment levels, introduced broader unemployment insurance coverage, manpower training programs and direct employment creating programs such as winter works, LIP, OFY, and later LEAP and FLIP. These Projects, usually aimed at the young or seasonally unemployed, minimized the appearance of unemployment, boosted consumption, undoubtedly bought votes and became a trademark of Liberal policy, but did little to solve any of the structural problems of the Canadian economy 65.