Table 4.3: Advantages and disadvantages of various high-school-related learning opportunities for learners without a high-school diploma
Option Advantages Disadvantages Bottom line
Secondary
diploma
  • Universally recognized as part of ‘first chance’ system
  • Provides comprehensive preparation for participation in civic society and for postsecondary entry
  • Labour market outcomes are well established
  • May be time consuming
  • The comprehensive focus may result in the learner taking courses that are not directly relevant for future goals
  • A good option for individuals with only a few credits to obtain
Adult
secondary
diploma
  • Flexible
  • Usually takes less time to complete than regular diploma
  • As part of the ‘second chance’ system, may be perceived as ‘second best’ (no research exists on outcomes)
  • Additional courses may be required for entry to some post-secondary programs
  • A good option for individuals who need to obtain many credits
GED
  • Requires no ‘seat time’ or enrolment in any institution or formal course of study
  • Recognized by most employers as equivalent to a high-school diploma
  • Research shows that obtaining a GED is especially beneficially for low-skilled individuals
  • May be perceived as part of ‘second chance’ system
  • Additional courses may be required for entry to many post-secondary programs
  • Research shows that the GED is not equivalent to a high-school diploma in terms of earnings
  • A good option for individuals who need a credential to obtain or maintain a job
  • May also work for entry to some postsecondary programs
Academic
upgrading
  • Flexible programs allow learners to take just the courses they need.
  • Evidence for Ontario’s program suggests that graduates are well prepared for postsecondary
  • Learners obtain a certificate but not a highschool diploma
  • A good option for learners who know they want to pursue post-secondary education
TOWES
  • Test results provide potential employers with a clear picture of an individual’s workplace skills.
  • Does not prepare learners to pursue postsecondary education
  • Recognition is currently limited
  • A good option for individuals who want to demonstrate specific skills