6. The three-fold categorization - a conceptual basis for key competencies

In addition to the conceptualization of reflectivity as the required competence level, the demand-oriented approach to competencies resulted in the definition of three broad categories of key competencies - interacting in socially heterogeneous groups, acting autonomously, and using tools interactively.

As an interdependent ensemble, these broad categories form the basis for identifying and mapping competencies that are important in all relevant social fields. This categorization allowed for the extrapolation of nine key competencies, the result of an analysis of the various lists of key competencies presented in the country reports and expert papers in light of the definitional, conceptual, and normative criteria established in DeSeCo.

The three categories of key competencies and the key competencies identified within them have been constructed at a sufficiently general or abstract level to be valid across contexts and nations.

The three-fold categorization has been presented in detail in DeSeCo's final report (Rychen, 2003, p. 85-107). What follows is a brief summary.

6.1 Interacting in socially heterogeneous groups

In this category the focus is on the interaction with the "different other". Individuals need to learn how to interact and coexist with people who do not necessarily speak the same language (literally or metaphorically) or share the same culture, history, or socioeconomic background and how to deal with differences and contradiction.

The ability to relate well to others, to cooperate, and to manage and resolve conflicts are particularly relevant in pluralistic, multicultural societies. These competencies include many of the features associated with terms such as "social competencies," "social skills" or "soft skills".

6.2 Acting autonomously

The construct "acting autonomously" concerns the empowerment of individuals to develop a personal identity and to exercise relative autonomy in the sense of deciding, choosing, and playing an active, reflective, and responsible part in a given context. The ability to act within the big picture or the larger context; to form and conduct life plans and personal projects; and the ability to defend and assert one's rights, interests, limits, and needs are critical competencies for participating effectively in different spheres of life - in the workplace, in one's personal and family life, and in civil and political life.