the least formal the education

most formal education

c) The number of management jobs increased significantly between 1986 and 1991. Where was the larger percentage increase in jobs?

senior management

sales

Answers

1. a) Men who graduated from high school had a 0.9 percent proportionate increase in employment.
   
   b) Women who graduated from high school had a 0.7 percent decrease in unemployment.
   
   All other groups had a decrease in employment. Women with post-secondary certificates or diplomas had a decrease in employment almost equal to that of women with grade 8 or less.
   
   
2. Between 1987 and 1992, the total number of women unemployed increased by 21.4 percent; the number of women with post- secondary education who were unemployed increased by 74.3 percent. Rising unemployment rates cannot be blamed on a poorly-trained work force.
   
   
3. a) Women with grade 8 or less had the largest decrease in the wage gap (from earning 62.4 percent to earning 66.9 percent of comparable men's wages).
   
   b) Women who attended university had an increase in the wage gap (from earning 72.8 percent to earning 71.7 percent of comparable men's wages). The drop in the wage gap between men and women with the lowest level of education may be due to a decrease in the wages of male workers.
   
   
4. All groups of males had larger increases in part-time work than comparable groups of females, but males aged 25-44 showed the largest increase in part-time work (up 10 percent.)
   
   Although part-time work is still done primarily by women, it is rapidly increasing for men. Moreover, hours of paid work are decreasing for both full- and part-time workers and both sexes.
   
   b) 1/3 of women employed part-time did so because they did not want full-time work. They gave school and personal reasons. Two-thirds of women working part-time are not doing so by choice. As well, women who say they prefer to work part-time may not really have a choice if they have no one else to look after children or other dependents.
   
   
5. More men than women have more than one paid job, but the number of women holding multiple jobs has increased while the number of men with more than one job has decreased.
   
   This suggests that there is less work available for men and reflects the high number of women with only part-time work.
   
   
6. Approximately fifty percent of the two million did not get full-time, full-year work. According to the Economic Council of Canada, non-standard (part-time, short-term, temporary, "self-employed") work accounted for 44 percent of job growth in the 1980s.
   
   
7. a) Large firms are more likely to provide training. Six percent of small firms (20 or less workers) provide training, while 11-15 percent of medium-sized firms and 22 percent of large firms do.