Contents

1. Executive summary
2. Introduction
3. 1 Literature review
   
   1. 1.1 Observational studies of LNL teaching
   2. 1.2 Quality of teaching
   3. 1.3 Teaching styles
   4. 1.4 Teaching methods
   5. 1.5 Qualifications of LNL teachers
   6. 1.6 Teacher concerns
   7. 1.7 Summary of literature findings
4. 2 Research methodology
   
   1. 2.1 Research instruments
   2. 2.2 Ethics
   3. 2.3 Data recording and analysis
   4. 2.4 Research procedures
   5. 2.5 Sample recruitment
   6. 2.6 The observations
5. 3 Findings
   
   1. 3.1 The teachers
   2. 3.2 The programmes and context
   3. 3.3 Generic teaching elements
   4. 3.4 Forms of provision
   5. 3.5 Teaching of literacy, numeracy and language
6. 4 Summary and Discussion
   
   1. 4.1 Teacher status and backgrounds
   2. 4.2 Physical environment and teaching resources
   3. 4.3 Generic teaching skills
   4. 4.4 Forms and types of provision
   5. 4.5 The teaching of LNL skills
7. 5 Concluding comments
8. 6 Recommendations
9. References
10. Appendix A - Observation categories coding sheet