None of the comparisons of Tables 2 and 3 matched auding and reading rates (Goldstein's (1940) work closely approximated this match), although a number of the comprehension studies limited reading time either to the time required to present the message in spoken form, or to the time required for students to read the material through once at their normal rates. In some comprehension studies effects of manipulation of the latter two controls were assessed (Young, 1930; Russell, 1923; Webb and Wallon, 1956), and these are recorded as separate comparisons in Table 3.